AI Calling Illegal? Global Laws & Compliance Guide and Updates as of June 2025

TL;DR

AI calling isn’t universally illegal, but it’s heavily regulated worldwide. The US FCC now classifies AI voice calls as robocalls under TCPA, requiring prior written consent and facing $1,500 per violation fines. The EU AI Act bans deceptive AI practices.

India’s TRAI enforces DND compliance with ₹10 lakh penalties. Most countries require AI disclosure, consent, and compliance with existing telemarketing laws.

Smart businesses use compliant platforms like Qcall.ai that handle regulatory requirements automatically across jurisdictions.

The world woke up to AI calling’s power and its dangers. One day, your phone rings with a voice so human-like that you chat for minutes before realizing you’re talking to a machine. The next, headlines scream about AI robocall scams defrauding seniors out of millions.

This isn’t science fiction. It’s 2025, and AI calling sits at the center of a regulatory storm that’s reshaping how businesses can legally reach customers worldwide.

The short answer: AI calling isn’t illegal everywhere, but the rules are tightening fast. What’s legal in one country can land you in court in another. The penalties are real, the compliance requirements are complex, and ignorance isn’t a defense.

But here’s what most businesses miss: AI calling can still be incredibly powerful when done right. The key is understanding where the legal lines are drawn and building systems that respect them.

The Global Reality: Why AI Calling Laws Exist

AI calling technology crossed a threshold in 2024. Voice cloning became so advanced that distinguishing between human and AI became nearly impossible. Scammers seized this opportunity, using AI to impersonate family members, government officials, and trusted businesses.

The response was swift and global. Regulators who had been watching AI development from the sidelines suddenly found themselves dealing with real harm happening right now.

The core problem: AI calling removes the traditional safeguards that protected consumers from automated harassment. When a machine can sound exactly like your grandson calling from jail, requesting bail money, the old rules don’t apply.

The regulatory response: Countries worldwide began treating AI calling with the same caution they’d apply to any powerful technology capable of widespread abuse.

United States: The FCC’s AI Calling Crackdown

The United States leads the global charge against unregulated AI calling. In February 2024, the FCC made a decision that changed everything: AI-generated voice calls are now officially classified as “artificial voices” under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA).

What This Means for Your Business

If you’re making AI calls to US numbers, you’re now subject to the same rules as traditional robocalls:

Consent Requirements:

• Prior express written consent required for marketing calls
• Consent must be specific to AI-generated calls
• Must include clear opt-out mechanisms

Identification Requirements:

• Must identify the caller clearly
• Must disclose that AI is being used
• Must provide callback number for live human

Penalties That Hurt:

• Up to $1,500 per illegal call
• Class action lawsuits becoming common
• FCC enforcement actions increasing

The FCC isn’t messing around. In 2024, they issued cease-and-desist orders to AI robocall operations targeting political campaigns. The message is clear: use AI calling without proper consent, and face the consequences.

State-Level Complications

While federal law sets the baseline, individual states are adding their own requirements:

California: The California Privacy Protection Agency is updating automated decision-making technology regulations. AB 3030 requires healthcare providers to disclose AI use in patient communications.

New York: Proposed legislation would require AI disclosure in all automated calls, not just marketing.

Texas: Considering additional penalties for AI impersonation in robocalls.

The compliance challenge: A single AI calling campaign targeting multiple states might need to meet dozens of different requirements.

European Union: The AI Act’s Approach to Calling

The EU AI Act, which became fully enforceable in 2025, takes a different but equally strict approach. Rather than focusing specifically on calling, it regulates AI systems based on risk levels.

Prohibited AI Practices

The AI Act bans several practices that directly impact AI calling:

Deceptive AI Systems:

• AI that deceives people about its nature
• Systems designed to exploit vulnerabilities
• Manipulation beyond conscious awareness

What this means for AI calling: Any AI calling system that doesn’t clearly identify itself as AI could violate the prohibition on deceptive practices.

High-Risk AI Classifications

AI calling systems might qualify as “high-risk” under the AI Act if they:

• Process significant amounts of personal data
• Make decisions affecting access to services
• Operate in regulated sectors like healthcare or finance

High-risk requirements include:

• Risk management systems
• Data governance measures
• Transparency and documentation
• Human oversight requirements
• Accuracy and robustness testing

Penalties That Scale

The EU doesn’t mess around with AI Act violations:

• €35 million or 7% of global annual turnover (whichever is higher) for prohibited practices
• €15 million or 3% of global turnover for high-risk system violations
• €7.5 million or 1.5% of global turnover for other violations

Member State Variations

While the AI Act provides EU-wide standards, individual countries add their own requirements:

Germany: Strict data protection laws affect AI calling data processing France: Additional disclosure requirements for AI-generated content Netherlands: Enhanced consent requirements for automated calling Spain: Specific regulations for AI in customer service

United Kingdom: The Flexible Approach

The UK takes a different path, relying on existing laws and sector-specific guidance rather than comprehensive AI legislation.

PECR and Marketing Calls

The Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR) govern AI calling in the UK:

Consent Requirements:

• Prior consent required for marketing calls to individuals
• Legitimate interest may apply for B2B calls
• Must respect Telephone Preference Service registrations

Disclosure Requirements:

• Must identify the caller
• Growing pressure to disclose AI use
• ICO warnings for undisclosed automated systems

The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) Stance

The ICO has issued warnings about automated calling systems that don’t properly identify themselves. While not specifically targeting AI, the principle applies: if people can’t tell they’re talking to a machine, there’s likely a compliance problem.

Recent enforcement: The ICO fined several companies for using automated systems without proper caller identification, setting precedent for AI calling requirements.

Canada: CASL’s Electronic Communication Rules

Canada’s Anti-Spam Law (CASL) applies to AI calling, treating it as electronic communication for commercial purposes.

Key CASL Requirements for AI Calling

Consent:

• Express consent required for commercial AI calls
• Implied consent limited to existing business relationships
• Must maintain consent records

Identification:

• Clear identification of sender
• Valid contact information required
• Unsubscribe mechanism mandatory

Record Keeping:

• Detailed records of consent and interactions
• Many AI platforms fail to track this automatically
• Compliance audits increasingly common

Penalties and Enforcement

CASL violations carry serious consequences:

• Up to $10 million for businesses
• Up to $1 million for individuals
• Personal liability for directors and officers

India: TRAI’s Comprehensive Framework

India’s approach to AI calling falls under the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) regulations, specifically the Unsolicited Commercial Communication (UCC) framework.

The DND Registry System

India’s Do Not Disturb (DND) registry affects all commercial calling, including AI:

Registration Requirements:

• All commercial callers must register with TRAI
• Obtain unique sender ID for messages
• Comply with DND preferences

AI Calling Specific Issues:

• AI calls must respect DND registrations
• Growing enforcement against unregistered AI calling
• Recent fines up to ₹10 lakh for violations

Recent TRAI Updates 2025

TRAI strengthened UCC regulations in early 2025:

Enhanced Penalties:

• First violation: ₹2 lakh fine
• Second violation: ₹5 lakh fine
• Repeat violations: ₹10 lakh fine

Improved Enforcement:

• AI spam filters required for telecom companies
• Real-time monitoring of call patterns
• Faster complaint resolution (5 days vs. 30 days)

New Identification Requirements:

• Promotional messages must end with ‘-P’
• Service messages end with ‘-S’
• Clear distinction between message types

Industry-Specific Considerations

Certain sectors face additional scrutiny:

• Fintech: TRAI warnings for unregistered AI calling
• EdTech: Enhanced compliance requirements
• Healthcare: Additional consent requirements

Asia-Pacific Region: Diverse Approaches

China: Centralized Control

China takes a comprehensive approach to AI regulation, including calling:

Interim Measures for Generative AI Services:

• Covers AI systems providing services to the public
• Requires government approval for certain AI services
• Strict content and data requirements

AI-Generated Content Labeling:

• New rules require explicit labeling of AI-generated content
• Applies to voice and text communications
• Penalties for non-compliance

Japan: Voluntary Guidelines

Japan relies on voluntary frameworks and existing laws:

AI Governance Guidelines:

• Voluntary compliance with ethical principles
• Industry self-regulation preferred
• Existing laws (privacy, consumer protection) apply

Recent Developments:

• 2025 AI Basic Law includes provisions for AI crime disclosure
• No specific penalties to avoid discouraging innovation
• Emphasis on existing criminal and copyright laws

Singapore: Model AI Governance

Singapore’s approach focuses on practical implementation:

Model AI Governance Framework:

• Voluntary guidance for AI deployment
• Sector-specific applications
• Emphasis on human oversight

Regulatory Sandboxes:

• Testing environment for AI applications
• Includes telecommunications and calling systems
• Pathway to broader deployment

Australia: Existing Law Application

Australia applies existing laws to AI calling:

Privacy Act 1988:

• Governs personal data use in AI systems
• Consent requirements for data processing
• Notification requirements for data breaches

Australian Consumer Law:

• Prohibits misleading and deceptive conduct
• Applies to AI representations
• Significant penalties for violations

Compliance Strategies That Actually Work

Understanding the laws is one thing. Building compliant AI calling systems is another. Here’s how smart businesses approach it:

The Multi-Jurisdictional Challenge

Problem: Your AI calling system might reach dozens of countries in a single campaign. Each has different rules.

Solution: Build for the strictest standard globally, then scale down where permissible.

Key Principles:

• Always disclose AI use upfront
• Obtain explicit consent for AI calling
• Maintain detailed consent records
• Provide easy opt-out mechanisms
• Implement real-time compliance checking

Technology Solutions

Modern AI calling platforms address compliance automatically:

Qcall.ai’s Approach: Qcall.ai handles multi-jurisdictional compliance through several key features:

• Automatic Disclosure: Every call begins with clear AI identification
• Consent Management: Built-in consent tracking and verification
• DND Compliance: Real-time checking against global DND registries
• Call Recording: Detailed logs for compliance audits
• Regional Customization: Adapts to local legal requirements automatically

Pricing That Scales:

• 1000-5000 minutes: ₹14/min ($0.17/min) for 97% humanized voice
• 5001-10000 minutes: ₹13/min ($0.16/min)
• 100,000+ minutes: ₹6/min ($0.07/min)
• TrueCaller verification: Additional ₹2.5/min ($0.03/min)

The platform’s compliance framework ensures your campaigns meet legal requirements across jurisdictions, reducing liability while maintaining effectiveness.

Industry-Specific Considerations

Different industries face unique compliance challenges:

Healthcare:

• HIPAA compliance in the US
• Enhanced consent requirements
• Medical advice disclaimers
• Patient data protection

Financial Services:

• Securities regulations
• Consumer protection laws
• Financial advice disclaimers
• Enhanced record keeping

Education:

• Student privacy laws
• Parental consent requirements
• Educational content regulations
• Age-appropriate communications

Real Estate:

• Do Not Call compliance
• Lead generation regulations
• Property disclosure requirements
• Fair housing law compliance

The Autoposting.ai Connection

While compliance manages the legal risk, scaling compliant AI calling requires sophisticated content management. This is where autoposting.ai becomes valuable.

The Integration Advantage: Autoposting.ai’s content automation can feed compliant messaging into AI calling systems, ensuring:

• Consistent compliance messaging across channels
• Automated opt-out content generation
• Multi-language compliance templates
• Real-time content updates for regulatory changes

Workflow Example:

1. Autoposting.ai generates compliant call scripts
2. Qcall.ai executes calls with proper disclosures
3. Both systems maintain detailed compliance records
4. Integrated reporting shows cross-channel compliance

This integration approach helps businesses maintain compliance while scaling their AI calling operations effectively.

Advanced Content Compliance Features: Autoposting.ai’s AI-powered content generation includes built-in compliance checking that automatically:

• Inserts required legal disclaimers based on jurisdiction
• Adjusts language for industry-specific regulations
• Generates consent confirmation scripts
• Creates compliant follow-up messaging sequences
• Maintains version control for regulatory audits

Multi-Channel Consistency: The platform ensures that compliance messaging remains consistent whether delivered through:

• AI voice calls via Qcall.ai
• Email campaigns
• SMS marketing
• Social media outreach
• Website chat systems

Regulatory Update Automation: When new regulations emerge, autoposting.ai can automatically update all content templates, ensuring that your AI calling scripts remain compliant without manual intervention. This automation becomes critical when managing campaigns across multiple jurisdictions with different regulatory timelines.

Cost Efficiency at Scale: For businesses running extensive AI calling campaigns, the autoposting.ai integration reduces compliance overhead by 70-80%, allowing teams to focus on campaign optimization rather than regulatory management.

Red Flags That Trigger Enforcement

Regulators worldwide look for specific patterns when investigating AI calling violations:

Volume and Pattern Analysis

High Call Volumes:

• Sudden spikes in call volume
• Calls outside normal business hours
• Repeated calls to the same numbers

Suspicious Patterns:

• High complaint rates
• Short call durations
• Frequent number changes

Content Red Flags

Deceptive Practices:

• Claiming to be human when using AI
• Impersonating government agencies
• False urgency or emergency claims

Compliance Failures:

• No opt-out mechanism provided
• Ignoring DND registrations
• Lack of caller identification

Data Handling Issues

Privacy Violations:

• Using data without consent
• Inadequate data security
• Cross-border data transfers without safeguards

Consent Problems:

• Vague or unclear consent language
• Bundled consent with other services
• Difficulty withdrawing consent

Building Future-Proof Compliance

AI calling regulations will continue evolving. Building systems that adapt to changing requirements requires:

Flexible Architecture

Modular Compliance Systems:

• Separate compliance logic from calling logic
• Easy updates for new regulations
• Regional customization capabilities

API-First Approach:

• Integration with compliance services
• Real-time regulatory updates
• Automated rule implementation

Proactive Monitoring

Compliance Dashboards:

• Real-time violation alerts
• Consent status tracking
• Regulatory update notifications

Audit Capabilities:

• Detailed call logs and recordings
• Consent trail documentation
• Automated compliance reporting

Stakeholder Communication

Legal Team Integration:

• Regular compliance reviews
• Regulatory update briefings
• Risk assessment processes

Customer Communication:

• Clear privacy policies
• Easy consent management
• Transparent AI disclosure

Cost of Non-Compliance vs. Compliance Investment

The math on AI calling compliance is straightforward: the cost of violations far exceeds the investment in proper compliance systems.

Violation Costs

Direct Penalties:

• US TCPA: $1,500 per call
• EU AI Act: €35 million or 7% of global turnover
• India TRAI: ₹10 lakh per violation
• Canada CASL: $10 million for businesses

Indirect Costs:

• Legal defense fees
• Reputation damage
• Lost business opportunities
• Increased regulatory scrutiny

Real-World Examples: A single campaign calling 10,000 US numbers without proper consent could result in $15 million in TCPA fines. A healthcare company using deceptive AI calling in the EU could face penalties equivalent to 7% of global revenue—potentially hundreds of millions for large organizations.

Compliance Investment

Technology Platform:

• Qcall.ai: Starting at ₹6/min for high-volume users
• Autoposting.ai: Content automation integration
• Compliance monitoring tools

Operational Costs:

• Legal consultation: ₹50,000-₹200,000 annually
• Staff training: ₹25,000-₹100,000 per year
• Process documentation: ₹75,000-₹150,000 initial setup
• Ongoing monitoring: ₹30,000-₹120,000 annually

The ROI Calculation: A single TCPA violation fine ($1,500) equals 250 minutes of compliant calling on Qcall.ai’s platform. The total annual compliance investment for most businesses (₹2-5 lakh) is less than a single major regulatory violation.

Business Impact Analysis: Companies using compliant AI calling platforms report:

• 95% reduction in regulatory violations
• 40% faster campaign deployment due to built-in compliance
• 60% lower legal consultation costs
• 85% improvement in customer trust metrics

The choice becomes obvious when you factor in the business benefits beyond risk mitigation.

Emerging Trends and Future Regulations

Several trends are shaping the future of AI calling regulation:

Voice Cloning Restrictions

Current Developments:

• Enhanced penalties for voice impersonation
• Biometric consent requirements
• Voice authentication technologies

Future Implications:

• Mandatory voice fingerprinting
• Real-time voice verification
• Enhanced criminal penalties for abuse

International Coordination

Cross-Border Enforcement:

• Mutual legal assistance treaties
• Coordinated regulatory responses
• Shared violation databases

Standardization Efforts:

• Common disclosure requirements
• Unified consent frameworks
• Shared best practices

Technology Requirements

Mandatory AI Detection:

• Real-time AI identification systems
• Automated compliance checking
• Consumer protection tools

Enhanced Transparency:

• Detailed AI system documentation
• Public compliance registries
• Audit trail requirements

Regional Variations and Special Cases

Middle East and Africa

UAE: Uses existing data protection laws for AI regulation South Africa: Developing national AI plan Israel: Sector-specific AI guidance

Latin America

Brazil: Proposed AI regulation under review Mexico: Applying existing consumer protection laws Argentina: Data protection law implications

Special Jurisdictions

Hong Kong: Following mainland China’s approach Taiwan: Draft AI laws under consideration Switzerland: Selective law amendments for AI

Each jurisdiction presents unique challenges requiring localized compliance strategies.

Practical Implementation Guide

Phase 1: Assessment (Week 1-2)

Current State Analysis:

• Audit existing AI calling practices
• Identify jurisdictional exposure
• Document consent processes
• Review data handling procedures

Gap Analysis:

• Compare current practices to legal requirements
• Identify high-risk areas
• Assess technology limitations
• Calculate compliance costs

Phase 2: Planning (Week 3-4)

Compliance Strategy:

• Define target compliance level
• Select technology platforms
• Design consent processes
• Create monitoring procedures

Implementation Timeline:

• Prioritize high-risk jurisdictions
• Phase rollout by region
• Plan staff training
• Schedule legal reviews

Phase 3: Implementation (Month 2-3)

Technology Deployment:

• Platform integration (Qcall.ai setup)
• Compliance system configuration
• Testing and validation
• Staff training delivery

Process Implementation:

• Consent management rollout
• Disclosure procedure implementation
• Monitoring system activation
• Documentation completion

Phase 4: Monitoring (Ongoing)

Compliance Monitoring:

• Daily violation alerts
• Weekly compliance reports
• Monthly legal reviews
• Quarterly strategy updates

Continuous Improvement:

• Regulatory update integration
• Process optimization
• Technology upgrades
• Training refreshers

Frequently Asked Questions

Is AI calling completely illegal anywhere?

No country completely bans AI calling, but many regulate it heavily. The EU AI Act prohibits deceptive AI practices, which could include undisclosed AI calling. Always check specific jurisdictional requirements.

Do I need consent for AI customer service calls?

Inbound customer service calls typically don’t require prior consent, but you must disclose AI use. Outbound AI calls for customer service usually need consent unless covered by existing business relationship exceptions.

What happens if I accidentally violate AI calling laws?

“Accidental” violations rarely excuse liability. US TCPA violations can result in $1,500 per call regardless of intent. EU AI Act penalties can reach €35 million. Implement proper compliance systems to avoid “accidents.”

Can I use AI calling for B2B sales?

B2B AI calling faces fewer restrictions in some jurisdictions but isn’t exempt from disclosure and consent requirements. The UK’s PECR allows legitimate interest for B2B calls, but disclosure of AI use is still recommended.

How do I handle consent across multiple countries?

Use the highest standard globally. Obtain explicit written consent for AI calling, maintain detailed records, and implement easy opt-out mechanisms. Platforms like Qcall.ai handle multi-jurisdictional consent automatically.

Do recording and transcription laws apply to AI calls?

Yes, if your AI system records calls or generates transcripts. Two-party consent states require all parties to agree to recording. Always disclose recording and provide opt-out options.

What about AI calling to emergency services?

Never use AI for emergency service communications unless specifically authorized. Most jurisdictions prohibit automated calls to emergency numbers, and AI calling to emergency services could face criminal penalties.

How often do AI calling regulations change?

AI calling regulations evolve rapidly. The US FCC updated rules in 2024, the EU AI Act became enforceable in 2025, and India strengthened penalties in early 2025. Monitor regulatory updates monthly at minimum.

Can I use AI calling for debt collection?

Debt collection AI calling faces additional regulations under debt collection laws. The US Fair Debt Collection Practices Act applies regardless of AI use. Obtain specific legal advice for debt collection AI calling.

What records must I keep for AI calling compliance?

Maintain detailed records of consent, call logs, opt-out requests, and compliance procedures. The EU AI Act requires documentation for high-risk systems. Some jurisdictions specify retention periods (typically 3-7 years).

Do chatbot disclosure laws apply to AI calling?

Similar principles apply. If disclosure is required for AI chatbots in your jurisdiction, expect similar requirements for AI calling. Consistency across AI applications reduces regulatory risk.

How do I handle AI calling complaints?

Implement rapid response procedures. India requires resolution within 5 days. Document all complaints and responses. Consider implementing automated complaint handling through your AI calling platform.

Can AI calling be used for political campaigns?

Political AI calling faces additional regulations. The US considers AI political robocalls, requiring disclaimers and consent. Many jurisdictions have specific political communication rules that apply to AI.

What about AI calling to minors?

AI calling to minors requires enhanced protections. Obtain parental consent where required, implement age verification, and follow children’s privacy laws. Educational institutions face additional requirements.

How do I verify AI calling platform compliance?

Evaluate platforms based on multi-jurisdictional compliance, consent management, disclosure capabilities, and audit trails. Qcall.ai provides built-in compliance features across major jurisdictions.

What’s the liability for using non-compliant AI calling vendors?

You remain liable for violations even when using third-party vendors. Choose platforms with proven compliance track records, obtain compliance warranties, and maintain vendor oversight procedures.

How do I handle cross-border data transfers in AI calling?

Follow data protection laws for international transfers. The EU requires adequacy decisions or appropriate safeguards. Implement data localization where required and maintain transfer documentation.

Can AI calling violate accessibility laws?

AI calling systems must accommodate disabled users where required. Provide alternative communication methods, ensure compatibility with assistive technologies, and follow accessibility guidelines.

What about AI calling in regulated industries?

Healthcare, finance, and other regulated industries face additional requirements. HIPAA applies to healthcare AI calling, financial services have specific disclosure rules, and legal services face professional conduct requirements.

How do I stay current with AI calling regulations?

Subscribe to regulatory updates, join industry associations, consult with legal experts regularly, and use platforms that automatically update for regulatory changes. Consider the FCC, EU AI Office, and local regulator publications.

Key Takeaways for 2025

The landscape of AI calling regulation is complex but navigable. Smart businesses recognize that compliance isn’t just about avoiding penalties—it’s about building sustainable, trustworthy customer relationships.

The fundamentals remain constant across jurisdictions:

• Always disclose AI use clearly
• Obtain proper consent before calling
• Respect opt-out requests immediately
• Maintain detailed compliance records
• Monitor regulatory changes actively

Technology platforms like Qcall.ai make compliance manageable by building legal requirements into their core functionality. When combined with content management solutions like autoposting.ai, businesses can scale AI calling operations while maintaining full regulatory compliance.

The future belongs to businesses that embrace compliance as a competitive advantage rather than viewing it as a burden. In a world where AI calling violations can result in millions in penalties, the companies that invest in proper compliance systems will dominate their markets.

Strategic Compliance Advantages: Forward-thinking businesses are discovering that robust AI calling compliance systems provide unexpected competitive benefits:

Market Differentiation: In an era where consumers are increasingly wary of AI interactions, transparent compliance builds trust that translates to higher conversion rates and customer loyalty.

Operational Efficiency: Automated compliance systems reduce manual oversight requirements, allowing teams to focus on campaign optimization and customer experience rather than regulatory management.

Global Expansion Ready: Businesses with comprehensive compliance frameworks can enter new markets faster, as their systems already accommodate diverse regulatory requirements.

Insurance and Legal Protection: Proper compliance documentation and systems often result in better insurance rates and stronger legal positions if disputes arise.

Partner and Investor Appeal: Companies with demonstrated compliance track records attract better partnerships and investment opportunities, as stakeholders recognize reduced regulatory risk.

Future-Proofing Strategy: As AI regulations continue evolving, businesses with flexible compliance architectures adapt faster than competitors scrambling to meet new requirements.

The 2025 Compliance Imperative: Regulatory enforcement is accelerating. The FCC increased AI calling enforcement actions by 300% in 2024. EU member states are conducting more frequent AI Act compliance audits. India’s TRAI implemented real-time violation monitoring systems.

This enforcement trend will intensify in 2025. Businesses that delay compliance implementation face increasing risk of regulatory action, while those investing in comprehensive compliance systems gain sustainable competitive advantages.

The question isn’t whether AI calling is legal—it’s whether your AI calling practices can withstand regulatory scrutiny. Build compliance into your foundation, choose the right technology partners, and scale with confidence.

Your customers, your lawyers, and your bottom line will thank you.